简述卢梭的教育思想。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
卢梭的教育思想有：
(1)在天性与教育的关系上，卢梭主张性善论和感觉论。他认为人性本善，只是被现存的环境和教育破坏了。因此，教育的责任就是要培养社会环境下的自然人。卢梭认为知识来源于人心灵中存在着的认识世界的感觉，所有的一切都是通过人的感官而进人人的头脑的。人的最初理解是一种感性的理解，然后形成理性的认识，所以孩子们不成熟、不完善的感官需要通过教育加以逐步提高。
(2)卢梭认为自然教育的核心是“归于自然”，即教育必须遵循自然，顺应人的自然本性。
“自然教育”就是服从自然的法则，顺应儿童天性发展进程，促进儿童身心自然发展的教育。自然教育的目的是培养“自然人”，即完全自由成长、身心和谐发展、能自食其力、不受传统束缚、能够适应社会生活的一代新人。
(3)卢梭在《爱弥儿》中表达了自然主义教育思想，他主张培养“自然人”，主张儿童亲身活动，提倡家庭教师实施教育，主张给儿童以自由。另一方面，卢梭又是一个对新的社会制度充满幻想的思想家。他设想理想国家中的教育目标是培养忠诚的爱国者，学校教育由国家掌管，不能按教育对象的贫富分设学校和课程，要求儿童受同样的教育。对受教育者，即使不能完全免费，国家也要给予补贴。教师需由本国公民担任。体育是教育里最重要的部分。
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