阐述马斯洛的需要层次理论在激发学生的学习动机时的运用。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
(1)人本主义心理学家马斯洛认为，要揭示动机的本质，必须关注人的需要，把需要区分为一些基本的层次，对这些需要层次进行研究，从整体上把握动机的实质。
(2)马斯洛先后提出了七种需要，认为人的各层次需要都与学习有一定的关系。生理需要和安全需要虽然并不直接推动学习，却是保证学生进行有效学习的前提条件。这两种需求得不到满足，不仅学习活动无法进行，而且会导致学生出现身心疾病。归属与爱的需要是学生交往的动力，在学校环境中，师生交往、同伴交往既是学习的条件，也是学习的内容。尊重的需要是推动学生学习的重要动力，学生努力学习以求获得他人的尊重，并从中感受到自己的能力和价值，获得自信心。这一需要得不到满足，就会产生自卑感，怀疑自己的能力，失去上进心。求知的需要就是学习动机，审美的需要在很大成分上也是学习动机，它们推动人去求真、求善、求美。自我实现的需要推动人发挥自己的潜能，是学校教育应该加以培养的。
(3)在学校学习中,对不同的人来讲,各种需要的重要性不同。一些人需要不断地证实自己是受人喜爱和赞赏的，有些人则对生理上的舒适和安全有更强烈的需求。同一个人在不同的时间、情境中需要也不相同。
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