试述布鲁纳的认知结构学习理论及其教育含义。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
(1)学习观。①学习的实质在于主动地形成认知结构。②学习包括三个过程：获得、转化和评价。
(2)教学观。①教学的目的在于理解学科的基本结构。学科的基本结构就是指一门学科的基本概念、基本原理及其基本的态度和方法。②掌握学科基本结构的教学原则：动机原则，所有学生都具有内在的学习愿望，内在动机是维持学习的基本动力；结构原则，任何知识结构都可以用动作、图像和符号三种表征形式来呈现；程序原则，教学就是引导学习者通过一系列有条不紊地陈述一个问题或大量知识的结构，以提高学生对知识的掌握、转化和迁移能力；强化原则，让学生知道结果应该在学生评估自己作业的那个时刻，太早或太晚都不利于强化作用的发挥。
(3)学习法。布鲁纳认为学生掌握学科的基本结构最好的方法是发现学习。
(4)教育意义：①应该注意教学本身应有新奇性，同时跨度应适当，其难度不能过高或过低，以激发学生的好奇心和胜任感；②应根据学生的经验水平、年龄特点和材料性质，选取灵活的教学程序和结构方式来组织实际的教学活动过程；③应注意提供有助于学生矫正和提高的反馈信息,并教育学生进行自我反馈，以提高学习的自觉性和能动性。
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