结合实际教学，谈谈如何有效地进行知识概括。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
(1)配合运用正例和反例。正例又称肯定例证,是指包含着概念或规则的本质特征和内在联系的例证；反例又称否定例证，是指不包含或只包含了一小部分概念或规则的主要属性和关键特征的例证。概念或规则的正例传递了最有利于概括的信息,反例则传递了最有利于辨别的信息。
(2)正确运用变式。所谓变式，就是用不同形式的直观材料或事例说明事物的本质属性，即变换同类事物的非本质特征,以便突出本质特征。
(3)科学地进行比较。通过同类比较，便于区分对象的一般与特殊、本质与非本质,从而找出一类事物所共有的本质特征。通过异类比较，有利于确切了解彼此间的联系与区别，防止知识间的混淆与割裂,有助于知识的系统化。
(4)启发学生进行自觉概括。教师启发学生进行自觉概括的最常用方法是鼓励学生主动参与问题的讨论。
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