材料：
大一班小朋友正在玩角色游戏。平平认为自己最高，应扮演警察角色，东东也认为自己最高，丁丁站在台阶上说：“我才是最高的。”三人僵持不下。王老师说：“怎样才能知道谁是最高的呢?”孩子们一脸茫然。
(1)结合《3—6岁儿童学习与发展指南》，分析材料中幼儿数学认知的典型表现。(3分)
(2)结合材料提出指导策略。(6分)
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
(1)《3—6岁儿童学习与发展指南》科学领域的数学认知部分的目标：①初步感知生活中数学的有用和有趣；②感知和理解数、量及数量关系；③感知形状与空间关系。材料中的幼儿不会比较高矮，即不能感知和理解事物“量”的特征，不能理解“量”是相对的。 (2)教师需要在教学活动中引导幼儿感知和理解事物“量”的特征。教师要引导幼儿感知常见事物的大小、多少、高矮等量的特征，并结合具体事物让幼儿通过多次比较逐渐理解“量”是相对的。材料中的老师可以引导平平和东东先站在同一个平面上比较，选出更高的小朋友；再将选出的这位小朋友站在同一个平面上跟丁丁比较，再次选择出更高的小朋友。教师应逐步引导幼儿理解，每个人的“高”或“矮”不是固定的，而是具有相对性的，跟不同高矮的人比较时，这个量可能会发生变化。
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