题目详情

小凡今年4岁了,可是对幼儿园的集体生活适应很慢。入园时哭闹得非常厉害,不肯到其他班参加课内兴趣班活动,也不能与同伴合作分享玩具,出现明显的不合群现象。

结合案例,分析影响学前儿童同伴交往的因素。

正确答案及解析

正确答案
解析

(1)早期亲子交往的经验。亲子关系对今后的同伴关系有预告和定型的作用,而更近一些的观点则认为二者是相互影响的。(2)幼儿自身的特征。幼儿的身心特征一方面制约着同伴对他们的态度和接纳程度,另一方面也决定着他们在交往中的行为方式。

(3)活动材料和活动性质。活动材料,特别是玩具,是幼儿同伴交往的一个不可忽视的影响因素,尤其是婴儿期到幼儿初期,幼儿之间的交往大多围绕玩具发生。活动性质对同伴交往的影响主要体现在自由游戏的情境下,不同社交类型的幼儿表现出交往行为上的巨大差异,而在有一定任务的情境下,如在表演游戏或集体活动中,即使是不受同伴欢迎的幼儿,也能与同伴进行一定的配合、协作,因为活动情境本身已规定了同伴间的作用关系,对其行为有许多制约性。

(4)父母的鼓励。学龄前儿童在各种不同场合及不同活动中努力寻找着自己的游戏伙伴,但是他们的这种能力是有限的,他们通常依靠父母来为自己建立与同龄人的伙伴关系。

(5)教师的影响。一个儿童在教师心目中的地位如何,会间接地影响到同伴对这个儿童的评价。社会心理学家认为,在同伴群体中的评价标准出现之前,教师是影响儿童最有力的人物。因此,作为教师,在教育过程中必须注意自己的言行对儿童的影响。

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