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学历类职业资格公务员医卫类建筑工程外语类计算机类财会类

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学历类职业资格公务员医卫类建筑工程外语类计算机类财会类

　　Wealth, as Mr. Hobbes says, is power. But the person who either acquires, or succeeds to a great fortune, does not necessarily acquire or succeed to any political power, either civil or military. His fortune may, perhaps, afford him the means of acquiring both, but the mere possession of that fortune does not necessarily convey to him either. The power which that possession immediately and directly conveys to him, is the power of purchasing; a certain command over all the labor, or over all the produce of labor which is then in the market. His fortune is greater or less, precisely in proportion to the extent of this power; or to the quantity either of other men’s labor, or what is the same thing, of the produce of other men’s labor, which it enables him to purchase or command. The exchangeable value of every thing must always be precisely equal to the extent of this power which it conveys to its owner.

　　But though labor be the real measure of the exchangeable value of all commodities, it is not that by which their value is commonly estimated. It is often difficult to ascertain the proportion between two different quantities of labor. The time spent in two different sorts of work will not always alone determine this proportion. The different degrees of hardship endured, and of ingenuity exercised, must likewise be taken into account. There may be more labor in an hour's hard work than in two hours easy business; or in an hour's application to a trade which it cost ten years labor to learn, than in a month’s industry at an ordinary and obvious employment. But it is not easy to find any accurate measure either of hardship or ingenuity. In exchanging indeed the different productions of different sorts of labor for one another, some allowance is commonly made for both. It is adjusted, however, not by any accurate measure, but by the higgling and bargaining of the market, according to that sort of rough equality which thought not exact, is sufficient for carrying on the business of common life.

正确答案及解析

正确答案

解析

霍布斯说：财富就是权力。但获得或承继大宗财产的人，未必就获得或承继了民政上或军政上的政治权力。他的财产，也许可以提供他一种获得政权的手段，但单有财产未必就能给他政权。财产对他直接提供的权力，是购买力，是对于当时市场上各种劳动或各种劳动生产物的支配权。他的财产的大小与这种支配权的大小恰成比例，换言之，财产的大小，与他所能购买或所能支配的他人劳动量或他人劳动生产物数量的大小恰成比例。一种物品的交换价值，必然恰等于这物品对其所有者所提供的劳动支配权。

　　劳动虽是一切商品交换价值的真实尺度，但一切商品的价值，通常不是按劳动估定的。要确定两个不同的劳动量的比例，往往很困难。两种不同工作所费去的时间，往往不是决定这比例的唯一因素，它们的不同困难程度和精巧程度，也须加以考虑。一个钟头的困难工作，比一个钟头的容易工作，也许包含有更多劳动量；需要十年学习的工作做一小时，比普通业务做一月所含劳动量也可能较多。但是，困难程度和精巧程度的准确尺度不容易找到。诚然，在交换不同劳动的不同生产物时，通常都在一定程度上，考虑到上述困难程度和精巧程度，但在进行这种交换时，不是按任何准确尺度来作调整，而是通过市场上议价来作大体上两不相亏的调整。这虽不很准确，但对日常买卖也就够了。