简述心理发展的基本特征。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
心理发展是指个体从出生、成熟、衰老直至死亡的整个生命进程中所发生的一系列心理变化。研究表明,学生心理的发展有四个基本特征:
(1)连续性与阶段性
个体的心理发展是一个逐渐由低级向高级前进的过程,高级的心理是在低级的心理发展的基础上进行的,而且又萌发着下一阶段的新特征,表现出心理发展的连续性。另一方面,心理发展又是一个逐渐地由量变到质变的过程,随着新质的出现,心理发展也就达到了一个新的阶段,表现为心理发展的阶段性。
(2)定向性与顺序性
在正常条件下,心理的发展总是具有一定的方向性和先后顺序。尽管发展的速度可以有个别差异,会加速或延缓,但发展是不可逆的,也是不可逾越的。比如感知能力最先发展,其次是运动、言语等能力,而抽象思维能力发展最晚。
(3)不平衡性
即使对同一个体而言,不同心理的各组成成分的发展速度也有所不同,达到成熟水平的时期也不尽相同,发展所需的最佳时期与条件也不同。比如1~3岁是口头言语发展的关键期,小学中年级是由具体思维向抽象逻辑思维转变的关键期。
(4)差异性
不同个体的心理发展虽然具有一定的规律性与顺序性,但各种心理机能所能达到的最佳水平、形成的速度、达到成熟水平的时期等因人而异。有人大器晚成,有人少年英才;有人长于数理运算,有人善于言辞。
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