结合教学实际,试分析布鲁纳的认知一结构学习论。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
[参考答案]布鲁纳是美国著名的认知教育心理学家,他主张学习的目的在于以发现学习的方式,使学科的基本结构转变为学生头脑中的认知结构。因此,他的理论也被称为认知一发现说。该理论包括了两个部分:
(一)学习观1.学习的实质是主动地形成认知结构,即发现学习。他主张,教师应向学生提供具体的东西,以便他们“发现”自己的认知结构。
2.学习包括获得、转化和评价三个过程。布鲁纳认为,学习活动首先是新知识的获得,然后对其进行转化,并通过评价对知识转化进行检查。总之,布鲁纳认为学习任何一门学科的最终目的是构建学生良好的认知结构。
(二)教学观
1.教学的目的在于理解学科的基本结构。布鲁纳把学科的基本结构放在设计课程和编写教材的中心地位,成为教学的中心,他强调教学的最终目的是促进学生对学科结构的一般理解。
2.掌握学科基本结构的教学原则:(1)动机原则,教学应激发学生的内部动机,使之成为学习的基本动力;(2)结构原则,灵活运用表象呈现形式推动学生掌握知识结构;(3)程序原则,教学就是引导者通过一系列有条不紊的程序来陈述知识结构;(4)强化原则,教学规定适合的强化时间和步调是学习成功的重要一环。
总之,根据认知~结构主义的教学观,教师应做到全面地分析教材,明确知识的基本结构,选择适当的教学程序,及时为学生提供反馈,促进学生形成新的知识结构。
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