试述发现教学的阶段和原则。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
【要点解析】
发现教学，又称启发式教学，指学生通过自身的学习活动而发现有关概念或抽象原理的一种教学策略。由美国认知心理学派和结构主义教育思想的代表人物布鲁纳提出。
一般来说，发现教学要经过四个阶段：首先，创设问题情境，使学生在这种情境中产生矛盾，以激起学生探究的要求，提出要求解决和必须解决的问题；其次，促使学生利用教室所提供的某些材料，所提出的问题，提出解答的假设；再次，从理论上或实践上检验自己的假设，允许争辩；最后，根据实验获得的一些材料或结果，在仔细评价的基础上引出结论。发现教学法的精髓，就是要求学习者由“被动接受知识”转化为“主动发现的积极学习”，并在这一过程中发展自己“发现学习”的能力。布鲁纳对发现教学的教学设计提出了四项原则：①教师要将学习情境和教材性质向学生解释清楚。②要配合学生的经验，适当组织教材。教师要在研究教材和学生的实际的基础上，根据教材内容设计一个一个的发现过程，教师要仔细设计要问的问题，排列好例子，确保参考材料和设备充足，以促进学生进行自我发现。③要根据学生心理发展水平，适当安排教材难度与逻辑顺序。④确保材料的难度适中，以维持学生的内部学习动机。
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