简述态度与品德学习的一般影响因素。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
[参考答案]影响态度与品德学习的一般影响因素包括：外部条件：(1)家庭教养方式。家庭中的某些不当教育和某些不良环境因素，是形成学生不良品德的一个重要原因。(2)社会风气。社会风气由社会舆论、大众媒介传播的信息、各种榜样的作用等构成。社会上的良好与不良的风气都有可能影响学生道德信念与道德价值观的形成，这也使得德育工作难度加大。(3)同伴群体。学生的归属感试图使自己的言行态度与同伴群体保持一致，以得到同伴群体的接纳和认可。可以说，学生的态度与道德行为在很大程度上受到他们所属的同伴群体的行为准则和风气影响。内部条件：(1)认知失调。认知失调是态度改变的先决条件。中学生的道德认识还不明确、不稳定，而且缺乏独立的道德评价能力。(2)态度定势。个体事先的心理准备或态度定势常常支配着人对事物的预料与评价，进而影响着是否接收有关的信息和接收的量。帮助学生形成对教师、对集体的积极的态度定势或心理准备是使学生接受道德教育的前提。(3)道德认知。态度与品德的形成与改变取决于个体头脑中已有的道德准则和规范的理解水平和掌握程度，取决于已有的道德判断水平。实施道德教育时，不应只注意道德教育的形式，进行道德说教，而是应结合学生的实际生活和切身体验，晓之以理。此外，个体的智力水平、受教育程度、年龄等因素也对态度与品德的形成与改变有不同程度的影响。
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