简述问题解决的主要影响因素。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
[参考答案]问题解决的主要影响因素包括：(1)问题的特征。个体解决有关问题时，常常受到问题的类型、呈现的方式等因素的影响。教师课堂中各种形式的提问、各种类型的课堂和课后练习、习题或作业等，都是学校情境中常见的问题形式。不同的呈现问题的方式将影响个体对问题的理解。实际教学与研究发现，学生解决抽象而不带具体情节的问题时比较容易，解决具体而接近实际的问题时比较困难。解决不需要通过实际操作的“文字题”时比较容易，解决需要实际操作的“实际题”时比较困难。(2)已有的知识经验。与问题解决有关的经验越多，解决该问题的可能性就越大。研究发现，先进生头脑中储存的知识经验显著地多于后进生。知识经验在头脑中的储存方式决定了问题能否有效地被解决。另外，信息的加工方式也影响着问题解决的效率。可以说，拥有某一领域的丰富的知识经验是有效解决问题的基础。(3)定势与功能固着。定势是影响学习迁移的一个重要因素，而学校情境中的问题解决主要是通过迁移实现的，因此定势也必然影响问题解决。当在某种情形下需要利用某一物体的潜在功能来解决问题时，功能固着可能起到阻碍的作用。除上述因素外，个体的智力水平、性格特征、情绪状态、认知风格和世界观等个性心理特性也制约着问题解决的方向和效果。
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