简要论述背景、输入、过程、成果(CIPP)评价模式。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
CIPP是由背景评价、输入评价、过程评价、成果评价这几种评价名称的英文第一个字母组成的缩略语。该模式包括以下四个步骤：
(1)背景评价，根据评价对象的需要对课程目标本身作出判断，即要确定课程计划实施机构的背景；明确评价对象及其需要；明确满足需要的机会；诊断需要的基本问题；判断目标是否已反映了这些需要。
(2)输入评价，主要是为了帮助决策者选择达到目标的最佳手段，对各种可供选择的课程计划进行评价。
(3)过程评价，主要是通过描述实际过程来确定或预测课程计划本身或实施过程中存在的问题，从而为决策者提供如何修正课程计划的有效信息。
(4)成果评价，即要测量、解释和评判课程计划的成绩。它要收集与整理有关的各种描述与判断，把它们与目标以及背景、输入和过程方面的信息联系起来，并对它们的价值和优点作出解释。
CIPP课程评价模式考虑到影响课程计划的种种因素，可以弥补其他评价模式的不足，相对来说比较全面。但由于它的操作过程比较复杂，难以被一般人所掌握。
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