简述有效进行知识概括的基本方法。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
[答案要点]有效地进行知识概括的基本方法有：(1)配合运用正例和反例。概括的目的在于区分事物的本质和非本质，抽取事物的本质要素，抛弃事物的非本质要素。因此，教师在指导学生概括时，不仅要注意抽取本质的一面，也要注意抛弃非本质的一面。为此，必须配合使用概念或规则的正例和反例。(2)正确运用变式。理性概括是通过对感性知识的加工改造而完成，感性知识的获得是把握事物本质的基础和前提。因此，在教学实际中，要提高概括的成效，必须给学生提供丰富而全面的感性知识，必须注意变式的正确运用。(3)科学地进行比较。概括过程即思维过程，也就是在分析综合的基础上进行比较，在比较的基础上进行抽象概括。因而，区分对象的一般与特殊以及本质与非本质的比较过程．对于知识的概括具有非常重要的意义。(4)启发学生进行自觉概括。为了促进知识的获得，在实际的教学情境中，教师应该启发学生去进行自觉的概括，鼓励学生自己去总结原理、原则，尽量避免一开始就要求学生记忆或背诵。
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