阐述早期的四种迁移理论的主要因素。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
【要点解析】
(1)形式训练说。它是以官能心理学为依据，认为人的各种活动都由相应的官能所主宰，各种官能分别从事不同的活动，迁移要经过一个“形式训练”的过程才能产生。迁移是无条件的、自动发生的。(2)共同要素说。当两种情境中有相同要素或共同要素时，迁移才能产生。相同或共同要素指相同的刺激与反应的联结，刺激相似而且反应也相似时，两种情境的迁移才能发生，相同联结越多，迁移越大。迁移是非常具体的并且是有条件的，需要有共同的要素。(3)经验类化理论。贾德的经验类化理论则强调概括化的经验或原理在迁移中的作用。贾德认为，产生迁移的关键是，学习者在两种活动中概括出它们之间的共同原理。(4)关系转换理论。习得的经验能否迁移，取决于个体能否理解各个要素之间形成的整体关系，能否理解原理与实际事物之间的关系，即对情境中一切关系的理解和顿悟是获得一般迁移的最根本要素。
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