简述阿特金森的成就动机理论及其教育意义。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
[参考答案]成就动机是个体努力克服障碍、施展才能、力求又快又好地解决某一问题的愿望或趋势。成就需要产生成就动机，是一种内在的驱动力。阿特金森将个体的动机分为两类，一类是力求成功的动机，另一类是避免失败的动机。根据这两类动机在个体的动机系统中所占的强度，又将个体分为力求成功者和避免失败者。力求成功者追求成功带来的快感，在教育情境中，任务有一定的难度又设置竞争情境，能给他们提供现实挑战，所以动机水平会提高；相反，如果他们面对完全不可能成功或稳操胜券的任务，不足以体会到成功的快感，则动机水平会下降。在教育实践中，对于力求成功者，应通过给予新颖且有一定难度的任务，通过安排竞争的情境，严格评定分数等方式来激发其学习动机；而对于避免失败者，则要少安排竞争或竞争性强的情境，如果取得成功要及时表扬给予强化，评分时要适当放宽，并尽量避免在公众场合下指责其错误。
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