试述美国心理学家马斯洛的需要层次理论。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
(1)马斯洛认为人的基本需要有五种，它们由低到高依次排列成一定的层次，即生理的需要、安全的需要、归属和爱的需要、尊重的需要、自我实现的需要。在人的需要层次中，最基本的是生理需要，如对食物、水、空气、睡眠、性等的需要；在生理需要得到基本满足后，便是安全需要，即表现为个体要求稳定、安全、受到保护、免除恐惧和焦虑等；这之后是归属和爱的需要，即个体要求与他人建立感情联系，如结交朋友、追求爱情等；随后出现的是尊重的需要，它包括自尊和受到他人的尊重；在上述这些低一级的需要得到基本满足后，便进入自我实现的需要层次。
(2)自我实现作为一种最高级的需要，包括认知、审美和创造的需要。它具有两方面的含义，即完整而丰满的人性的实现以及个人潜能或特性的实现。马斯洛认为，自我实现的人心胸开阔、独立性强，具有创造性；他们知道自己的需要，能意识到自己实际上是怎样一个人，自己的使命是什么。从学习心理的角度看，人们进行学习就是为了追求自我实现，即通过学习使自己的价值、潜能、个性得到充分而完备的发挥、发展和实现。
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