论述建构主义学习理论对当今基础教育课程改革的影响。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
[答案要点]第一，学习观。(1)学习的实质在于主动地形成认知结构。布鲁纳认为，学习的本质不是被动地形成刺激一反应的联结，而是使学生主动地形成认知结构。(2)学习包括三个过程：获得、转化和评价。教师要采取有效措施帮助学生通过获得、转化、评价去掌握新知识，从而使学科的知识结构转变为学生的认知结构，使书本的知识转化为学生自己的知识。
第二，教学观。(1)教学的目的在于理解学科的基本结构。所谓学科的基本结构就是指一门学科的基本概念、基本原理及其基本的态度和方法。而所谓掌握学科的基本结构，就是允许许多别的东西以与它有意义地联系起来的方式去理解它。(2)掌握学科基本结构的教学原则。①动机原则。所有的学生都具有内在的学习愿望，内在动机是维持学习的基本动力。②结构原则。任何知识结构都可以用动作、图像和符号三种表象形式来呈现。③程序原则。教学就是引导学习者通过一系列有条不紊地陈述问题或大量知识的结构，以提高学生知识的掌握、转化和迁移能力。④强化原则。让学生知道结果应该在学生评估自己作业的那个时刻，太早或太晚都不利于强化作用的发挥。教育含义：根据布鲁纳的教学观和教学原则，为了促进学生良好认知结构的发展，教师必须深入分析教材，明确所教学科的基本概念、基本原理及其它们之间的关系。这样才能引导学生对教材结构的理解，促进学生知识结构的形成。同时要注意激发学生的好奇心和好胜心，培养学生的内部动机。要注意运用反馈的原理，促进学生自我反馈，提高学生学习的自觉性和能动性。
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