请解释巴甫洛夫经典性条件反射的基本规律。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
【要点解析】
(1)获得与消退。条件作用是通过条件刺激反复与无条件刺激相匹配,从而使个体学会对条件刺激作出条件反应的过程而建立起来的。在条件作用的获得过程中,条件刺激与无条件刺激之间的时间间隔十分重要。一方面,条件刺激和无条件刺激必须同时或近于同时呈现,间隔太久则难以建立联系;另一方面,条件刺激作为无条件刺激出现的信号,必须先于无条件刺激而呈现,否则也将难以建立联系。如果条件刺激重复出现多次而没有无条件刺激相伴随,则条件反应会变得越来越弱,并最终消失。但是,要完全消除一个已经形成的条件反应则比获得这个反应要困难得多。
(2)刺激泛化与分化。刺激泛化指人和动物一旦学会对某一特定的条件刺激作出反应以后,其他与该条件刺激相类似的刺激也能诱发其条件反应。即“一朝被蛇咬,十年怕井绳”。但是,刺激泛化所引起的泛化反应,有时是不准确或不大准确的,这就需要刺激分化。
刺激分化,指的是通过选择性强化和消退使有机体学会对条件刺激和与条件刺激相类似的刺激做出不同性反应。在实际的教育教学过程中,也经常需要对刺激进行分化,如引导学生区分勇敢和鲁莽,动力与压力等。刺激泛化和刺激分化是互补的过程,泛化是对事物相似性的反应,分化则是对事物差异性的反应。泛化能使我们的学习从一种情境迁移到另一种情境,而分化则能使我们对不同的情境做出不同的恰当反应,从而避免盲目行动。
经典条件作用能较有效地解释有机体是如何学会在两个刺激之间进行联系,从而使一个刺激取代另一个刺激并与条件反应建立起联结的。但经典条件作用无法解释有机体为了得到某种结果而主动做出某种随意反应的学习现象。如学生为了报答家长的养育、为了得到老师和伙伴的肯定要努力学习等。
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