阅读《大同》中的一段文字，并回答下列问题：
大道之行也，天下为公，选贤与能，讲信修睦，故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子，使老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜、寡、孤、独、废疾者，皆有所养。男有分，女有归。货恶其弃于地也，不必藏于己；力恶其不出于身也，不必为己。是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同。
（1）解释这段文字中加画横线的含义。
矜：
独：
分：
归：
货：
弃：
（2）将这段文字中的下列句子译成现代汉语。
丘之未逮也，而有志焉：
大道之行也，天下为公。选贤与能，讲信修睦：
故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子，使老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长：
是故谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭，是谓大同：
（3）分析概括这段文字中所言大同社会的主要特点。
（4）挑出这段文字的排比句，并分析其效果。
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
（1）矜：同鳏，无妻或丧偶的人。独：老而无子的人。 分：职分，职业。归：出嫁。货：财物，物质资料。弃：遗弃，抛弃。
（2）我没有赶上，可是心里却十分向往（或不过对那两个时代有文献记载）。
大道运行的时代，天下为全民共有，推选有贤德和有才能的人参与管理，讲求诚信，谋求友爱和睦。
所以人们不只是敬爱他们自己的父母双亲，不只是抚爱他们自己的子女，使老人们都能安享晚年，壮年们都能被任用以各尽其能，年幼的儿童们都能健康成长。
因此邪恶的图谋自然闭塞而不能兴起，盗窃抢劫的恶行自然不会发生，因此外门不用上栓紧闭，这就是大同世界。
（3）“大同”社会的主要特点：“大同”世界是“大道之行”的时代，是“礼”自然运行于自然与人类社会之间，人欲与“礼”自然融合、人自然顺应“礼”的时代。
在社会所有制与政治目的上，“大同”是“天下为公”；
在人事制度上，“大同”是选举制，传贤不传子，选贤与（举）能；
在精神文明建设上，“大同”是人欲与“礼”（天理）的自然融合、人自然顺应“礼”（天理）的时代，“大同”是“讲信修睦，故人不独亲其亲，不独子其子”；
在物质文明建设上，“大同”是物质极大丰富，“使老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜、寡、孤、独、废、疾者，皆有所养”；
在社会治安上，“大同”是“谋闭而不兴，盗窃乱贼而不作，故外户而不闭”。
（4）如“老有所终，壮有所用，幼有所长，矜、寡、孤、独、废、疾者，皆有所养”，运用排比，相同的句式紧密排列，一气呵成，感情强烈，气势充沛。
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