阅读《论毅力》中的一段文字，回答问题：
夫苟其挫而不退矣，则小逆之后，必有小顺；大逆之后，必有大顺。盘根错节之既经，而随有应刃而解之一日。旁观者徒艳羡其功之成，以为是殆幸运儿，而天有以宠彼也，又以为我蹇于遭逢，故所就不彼若也。庸讵知所谓蹇焉、聿焉者，皆彼与我之相同，而其能征服此蹇焉。利用此幸焉与否，即彼成我败所由判也。更譬诸操舟，如以兼旬之期，行千里之地者，其间风潮之或顺或逆，常相参伍。彼以坚苦忍耐之力，冒其逆而突过之，而后得从容以进度其顺。我则或一日而返焉，或二三日而返焉，或五六日而返焉，故彼岸终不可达也。
（1）解释这段文字中画横线字的含义。
艳羡：
判：
或：
参伍：
（2）将这段文字中的下列句子译成现代汉语。
“盘根错节之既经，而随有应刃而解之一日”：
“彼以坚苦忍耐之力，冒其逆而突过之”：
（3）分析这段文字的层次大意。
（4）这段文字运用了什么论证方法 举例说明。
（5）这段文字运用了哪种修辞手法
正确答案及解析
正确答案
解析
（1）艳羡：十分羡慕。判：分开，区别。或：有时。参伍：交相错杂。 （2）经过了盘根错节的错综复杂的情况之后，就会有问题得到顺利解决的那一天。
操舟的人凭着刻苦忍耐的毅力，顶着水上的逆风恶浪而突破这一难关。
（3）这段文字是从顺逆关系和顺逆转化的角度论证：毅力可以使逆境转变为顺境。可分作两层：第一层对比论证能否征服逆境是成败的区别。其中又可分两小层：到“随有迎刃而解之一日”，从正面论证：只要遇到挫折不后退，就可将逆境转化为顺境；到“彼成我败所由判也”，从反面论证，批驳旁观者以为成功者是幸运儿的错误观点。从“更譬诸操舟”到“故彼岸终不可达也”为第二层，以操舟为喻，进一步论证上述观点。
（4）类比、对比。
（5）比喻、层递。
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