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阅读下面一段课文,回答下列问题:

和戎诏下十五年,将军不战空临边。朱门沉沉按歌舞,厩马肥死弓断弦。戍楼刁斗催落月,三十从军今白发。笛里谁知壮士心 沙头空照征人骨。中原干戈古亦闻,岂有逆胡传子孙。遗民忍死望恢复,几处今宵垂泪痕!

(1)这首诗的层次及各层的含义是什么

(2)这首诗表现了什么样的思想感情

(3)这首诗具有什么样的艺术特点

(4)找出诗中的典型事物和典型场景,并分析其表现作用。

正确答案及解析

正确答案
解析

(1)这首诗共十二句,可分为三个层次,每四句一个层次。前四句描写南宋朝廷以和戎为国策,醉生梦死,武备松弛,根本不想收复中原。中间四句抒写战士们报国无门、空老沙场的悲哀。后四句抒写沦陷区的广大人民热切地盼望收复失地,但一直遥遥无期的悲愤。 (2)这首诗以守边将士的身份和口吻,揭露和谴责南宋统治阶级对金人屈膝投降的政策,写出了守边战士不战而老、沦陷区人民盼望收复失地而不得的悲痛心情,充分地抒发了作者爱国愤世的思想。

(3)这首诗在艺术上的一个突出特点就是在结构上以“月夜”贯穿全诗,写月夜下达官贵人、守边战士和沦陷区的遗民的不同表现,从而表达了不同主体对待收复中原态度的差异。这首诗的另一个突出特点就是采用了对比的手法。诗中将朝廷对收复的态度与战士、遗民对收复的态度进行对比,从而凸显出朝廷和戎政策的荒谬,表现出作者鲜明的爱憎情感。整首诗声情苍凉激越,风格悲壮沉郁。

(4)此诗非常善于选取最具特征化、最具概括力的典型事物,如马肥死、弓断弦、征人骨、遗民泪等,这些细节描写构成典型的生活场景,如朱门歌舞、戍楼望月等,作者意在通过不同生活场景的鲜明对照,来表明自己的思想倾向与爱憎感情。?

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